On this day 25 years ago (Commentary Thread)

[chico20854]

November 25, 1997

Speaker of the House of Representatives Munson, next in line of succession to the Vice President, is skiing in northern California. He and his wife slip out of his vacation home and do not leave word of their destination (Munson is fanatical about his personal privacy).

The Commander of the USS Olympia releases half of the crew for some well-earned shore leave following the conclusion of the long, dangerous patrol as the boat enters a period of refit alongside the submarine tender USS Emory S. Land.

Unofficially,

1st Brigade, 4th Armored Division completes Rotation 97-101 at the National Training Center at Fort Irwin, California and is declared combat ready.

Aboard the USS Oriskany, a second squadron, VA-153, matches the achievement of its sister squadron VA-175 by launching a full squadron mission.

The newly arrived vehicles that were transported to Europe aboard the Springfield Freedom and USS Boulder are transferred to a holding area at the British Catterick Barracks in Bielefeld, Germany, where user units are to pick them up.

Elsewhere in NATO-controlled Europe, armies are struggling to sustain operations as the flow of supplies through the heavily damaged port infrastructure slowly chokes off operations. On the Warsaw Pact side things are even more dire, with the Polish civilian population on the edge of starvation following a year where the nation's fields were battlefields and whose young and fittest citizens worked to eject NATO troops from the country rather than produce food and goods. Their Soviet patrons and allies are of little help, overstretched themselves supporting war from Korea to Germany, with their own Baltic States, Byelorussia and Ukraine nearly as devastated as Poland and with the subjugated populations of Romania, Manchuria and Jugoslavia dependant on them for sustenance.

XVIII Airborne Corps and Third Army direct additional supplies of ammunition and replacement vehicles to the 24th Infantry Division in Iran's northern Gulf coast. Airlift planners note that the 82nd Airborne Division has moved south, allowing the smaller airlifters to carry greater loads.

The Belizian command responds to the Guatemalan incursion in the south. They dispatch one of the British Gazelle helicopters to reconnoiter the location; it takes fire from a Guatemalan light machine gun but is not hit. Upon its return to base, the Belizians dispatch an infantry company reinforced with a British platoon to dislodge the Marines.

[Claidheamh]

The clock is ticking...

November 23, 1997
As the orders to strike the US and UK are received by the leadership of the Strategic Rocket Forces, Long Range Aviation and Navy, planners begin to pull together the concept for the operation. (Existing plans largely cover an all-out strike on the West using all available weapons). They will be fully prepared to execute in three days.

Whelp, time to start stocking the survival bunker...

[chico20854]

November 26, 1997

The Honorable Judge Patrick Mahan Warren, a respected judge and community leader in St. Petersburg, Florida (and secretly the New American Natural Aristocrat in charge of the St Petersburg cell since 1990) suffers a debilitating stroke and is incapacitated. His wife Augusta assumes her husband's covert duties.

Colonel Nikita Borisov, one of the newly arrived KGB agents, arrives in London. He kills a beggar, Damien Metcalfe, and takes on his identity

Unofficially,

The Freedom-class cargo ships Mesa and Santa Ana Freedoms are delivered in Pascagoula, Mississippi. (Nine sister ships will be abandoned in various stages of completion after Pascagoula is struck by Soviet nuclear weapons.)

The Red Oak Victory, veteran of three wars, is activated for a fourth in Oakland, California. It begins movement to Concord NWS to load ammunition.

The cargo ship Ruth is activated in Oakland and leaves for Long Beach to load troops.

Rainbow Six reports that the senior KGB agent in the UK, Colonel Mikhail Romanov, based in London, leaves the British capital, having been alerted to the impending Black Thursday nuclear strikes by a coded message from KGB Headquarters.

CVW-546's last A-4 squadron aboard the USS Oriskany launches a full-squadron mission, this one a firepower demonstration for visiting VIPs at Camp Pendleton. The Oriskany group commander receives word that the two of the original escorts identified for the group - the missile cruiser Little Rock (CLG-4) and destroyer Barry (DD-933) - will be indefinitely delayed due to shipyard overcrowding, and that the last escort, the destroyer Mullinix, will be delayed until February. The Navy will attempt to identify other ships that can be assigned to the group as they complete repairs at various shipyards.

A team from the 3rd Infantry Division picks up the four M-1A2D tanks at the Bielefeld transfer site and returns to the division rear area, where they are issued to the 4th Battalion, 69th Armor. Two of the M939 5-ton trucks are issued to the 28th Infantry Division's 28th Signal Battalion, twelve go to the 43rd Infantry Division and the last half dozen to the 107th Armored Cavalry Regiment. Supply officers are confounded by the Gama Goats, which were replaced by the HMMWV in the 1980s and are not on any unit's TOE.

The 24th Infantry Division in Iran is allocated the newly arrived recruits that were received on a charter 767 from Fort Benning, Georgia. The privates are rushed from Saudi Arabia to the front north of Bandar-e-Khomeyni, where the dazed soldiers are welcomed into squads of grizzled veterans.

The Belizian Defense Force group responding to the Guatemalan Marine landing divides into two groups. Two platoons make a cautious advance along the road south from Belize City and, not unexpectedly, run into a Guatemalan ambush, triggering an intense firefight. The firefight absorbs the Guatemalan commander's full attention, allowing the remainder of the Force, traveling overland through farms and jungle, to recapture the town of Dangriga and its tiny port. The second force gets tied up in fighting the Guatemalan patrol boats in the harbor, but the application of several LAW80s convinces the boats to depart. The Guatemalan marines are cut off, but hunker down in preparation for a bloody final stand.

[chico20854]

November 27, 1997 - Thanksgiving Day

part 1

Thanksgiving Day, 1997, had started well enough. The war which all rational Americans had feared for the previous 40 years had been going on for over a year without triggering the dire holocaust doomsayers had predicted. The fighting was on Soviet territory or other places equally remote from home and hearth. The news gave every indication that the Soviets would have to accept defeat any day now. The boys (and girls) would be home for Christmas. Meanwhile, there was plenty of work, the money was good, and everything seemed right with America. Then the bombs fell.

Rainbow Six reports that
On a day that British historians would later record as oeBlack Thursday, the UK was attacked by Soviet nuclear weapons. (Unofficially) A single of SS-24 missile was fired at the UK by the 46th Missile Division from Pervomaisk in the Ukraine carrying ten 400-kiloton warheads. London was the first city to be hit, being targeted by a number of devices, the first of which detonated in an airburst above the Capital at 11:14am. One of the Soviet warheads aimed at London detonated in a ground burst several hundred metres from Heathrow Airport. The Tower of London suffered extensive damage, being virtually burnt to the ground in the firestorms that swept through London. The major business and financial center of Canary Wharf was destroyed by the firestorms as well. Whilst not a direct target of the attacks, the Thames Flood Barrier suffered significant damage and would require extensive repair work to restore it to full operating condition, leaving London exposed to the risk of potentially serious flooding. The London Underground rapid transit system, more commonly known as the Tube, offered no shelter on Black Thursday, with the fires that raged out of control above ground sucking in all the available oxygen, condemning most of those in the Underground system at the time to death by asphyxiation (many others were trampled to death as thousands tried to rush into Tube stations across London in a futile attempt to find shelter in the moments after the first nuclear detonation. Much of the content of the British Library was lost on (some items deemed to be of vital national interest were moved out of the Capital during the summer of 1997). Likewise, MI6s London headquarters, Century House, was destroyed. Headquarters, US Naval Forces Europe (USNAVEUR) suffered heavy casualties, with the C in C amongst those either dead or missing. A number of personnel did survive however - some key staff had left London as a precautionary measure, whilst others had been on Thanksgiving leave.

Some three and a half million people were killed in the initial blasts and the firestorms that raged in London for a week afterwards. Another million people were displaced, with many of them exposed to lethal doses of radiation that would cause them to die a lingering death in the weeks and months that followed.

Cheltenham, home of the Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ), the arm of British Intelligence responsible for providing Signals Intelligence to the Government and the Military, was the second location in the United Kingdom to be targeted by Soviet nuclear weapons, at 11:15am on Black Thursday (approximately ninety seconds after the first warhead detonated over London).

(Unofficially) Of the ten warheads, seven targeted London (two aimed at the Palace of Westminster and Heathrow Airport, the others aimed to create a blanket level of destruction over the city), two were aimed at Cheltenham and the final one failed during re-entry.

[chico20854]

November 27, 1997

part 2

Unofficially,
Word was received in Washington of the London strike within a few minutes. The Secret Service and military wanted to evacuate President Tanner immediately. NORAD confirmed that there were no missiles inbound to North America. The President refused to board the NEACP, unwilling to give the appearance of panicking, but agreed to leave the White House. After issuing a statement condemning the attack on Americas closest ally, offering condolences for the loss of life and ordering American forces in the UK to support HM Governments relief efforts to the extent that it does not impede combat operations, Tanner departed the White House for the last time. His motorcade took him to the US Department of Agriculture research center in Beltsville, Maryland (adjacent to the Secret Service training center, which had a small Presidential Emergency Facility) for a relaxing jog. A US Marine Corps VH-60 helicopter of HMX-1 stood on standby at the Secret Service center. At mid-morning, he departed the Secret Service center, his motorcade disrupting traffic on the Beltway as the President travelled to Andrews Air Force Base for Thanksgiving dinner with the troops. To keep up the appearance of normalcy, Vice President Pemberton remained in the city to host the White Houses formal Thanksgiving dinner with VIPs.

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At shortly after 1700 GMT (3 pm on the US East Coast) in the North Atlantic the second phase of the decapitation strike, the attack on the US, was begun. As the satellites aligned the submerged Typhoon-class ballistic missile submarine TK-20 was able to receive an updated position fix from its onboard GLONASS satellite navigation system. The massive boats fire control system adjusted for the distance between the receiver on the navigation masthead and the missiles locations forward on the boat and with a final glance between the captain and the political officer the first SS-N-20 missile was launched. Within 90 seconds six missiles had been launched and the boat dove and turned northeast, accelerating as fast as the subs two nuclear reactors could push the 48,000-ton boat.

(Officially) An orbiting military surveillance satellite picked up a number of IR signatures, characteristic of the launch of SLBMs (Submarine-Launched Ballistic Missiles). Within minutes, messages were zipping through established channels and alarms began ringing across the nation. (Unofficially) The initial detection by Defense Support Program satellites was relayed to NORAD headquarters, which quickly relayed the news to the White House, Pentagon and Strategic Air Command (SAC). The launch was confirmed by the PAVE PAWS early warning radar on Cape Cod shortly thereafter.

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SAC ordered the alert bomber force - some 75 B-1s and B-52s stationed at 14 bases around the nation (as well as the 43rd Bomb Wings B-52Gs at Anderson Air Force Base on Guam), as well as their accompanying tankers - to scramble. The so-called Elephant Walk of bombers began within 90 seconds of the confirmation, and with 15 minutes of MITOs (Minimum Interval Take Offs) the bombers were airborne. Following standing Emergency War Orders, they immediately refueled from approximately half of the tankers, topping off their fuel tanks, and proceeded to holding areas over the Arctic and western Pacific for further orders, joining the dozen B-52s already on airborne alert over the Canadian Arctic.

Back in Washington, when the warning of the incoming SLBMs arrived President Tanner was rushed across the base to board the E-4B NEACP, which immediately took off. (Officially) Because an inbound missile had been detected Vice President Pemberton elected to try to make it to the Special Facility at Mount Weather. (Unofficially) Vice President Pemberton ran to the waiting VH-3 of HMX-1 that had been more or less permanently stationed at the White House since the outbreak of war.

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(Officially) President Tanner was killed, not by the strike on Washington, but by an accident during takeoff of the NEACP aircraft. The mystery of precisely what went wrong with one of the most rigorously inspected, carefully maintained aircraft in the nation has never been solved - the FAA never properly investigated the accident.

(Unofficially) Back at the White House, the helicopters crew already had the rotors turning when Pembertons military aide, a Marine Corps Major, heard the radio call about the NEACP crash. (Officially) Upon being informed of the President's death and told that no retaliatory action had been taken, Vice President Pemberton was forced to delay her departure and remain at a secure communications facility (the radios on the evacuation helicopter have never been considered reliable for this purpose). From the bomb shelter under the east wing of the White House (built during President Truman's tenure, and never intended to withstand a direct hit), Vice President Pemberton, after identifying herself, issued a proclamation of the existence of a state of war (only Congress has the power to declare war, and that body was not in session), and ordered retaliatory strikes on the USSR. With less than 10 minutes' notice between the rising of sub-launched ballistic missiles from off the Atlantic coast and their detonation over Washington DC, the orders to evacuate the cities were never given.

(Unofficially) The first missile to be launched by TK-20 was the one targeted at Washington. The SS-N-20 had ten 100-kiloton warheads aboard. One was aimed at the White House, two at the Pentagon, three at Andrews Air Force Base (necessary to ensure the destruction of aircraft on the base as well as cutting the runway) and one each at CIA headquarters at Langley, Virginia, DIA headquarters at Bolling Air Force Base, the Presidential Emergency Facility and NSA headquarters at Fort Meade, Maryland and the National Reconnaissance Office headquarters at Westfields, Virginia. The missile warheads courses had been adjusted as they re-entered the atmosphere, adjusting for changes in atmospheric conditions, the missiles performance, even differences in magnetic fields and gravity, all detected by the on-board electronics and cross-checked against the position reported by the GLONASS receiver. These adjustments allowed each re-entry vehicle accuracy nearly unmatched by any other Soviet (or many American) missiles. Each warhead landed, on average, within 220 meters of its aim point. With this level of accuracy, the strikes were devastating. The warhead aimed at the White House landed in the Kennedy Garden, just south of the East Wing, and detonated. The warhead created a crater 90 meters wide and 40 meters deep; the fireball consumed the adjacent Old Executive Office Building and Treasury Building and flattened all other buildings within a 1000-meter radius. Pemberton was killed when the missile detonated, the blast shelter completely inadequate against a blast so close and so powerful. (a representation of the blast is here). The other strikes were nearly as successful, with none of the Washington area targets surviving.

(Officially) The main target in Washington, DC was the White House, in an effort (a successful one, as it turned out) to destroy the executive leadership of the country. A sizable portion of the downtown area was damaged, not by the blast itself (which was a small one), but from the seismic shock and radiation of the ground burst and the flash-induced fires. As a side note, the National Archives was closed at the time of the attack. When the bomb destroyed the White House, the Constitution and the Declaration of Independence, the two most important documents in American history, were in their normal nocturnal resting place: a 50-ton subterranean vault designed to protect them from fire, flood, earthquake, and (of course) nuclear attack.

NORAD (North American Air Defense) headquarters at Cheyenne Mountain had three SLBMs aimed at it, each with a single 1 MT warhead set for ground bursts. (Unofficially) One of these scored a direct hit while the others landed nearby, creating quite impressive craters in the granite mountainside and delivering an intense shock to the underground facility. The facility had been designed to withstand just such a shock and was largely undamaged. (Officially) It was, however, out of communication temporarily.

Two missiles were targeted at SAC headquarters at Offutt AFB, Nebraska. (Unofficially) An Army Patriot battery at the base, deployed as an experimental anti-missile defense measure, succeeded in destroying one incoming warhead (as well as two decoys), leaving 19 100-kiloton MIRVs (Multiple Independently-targeted Reentry Vehicles) landing within the base perimeter. (Officially) Several, set for ground burst, were aimed at the SAC underground command post, while others attempted to sever the runway, destroy the SR-71s of the 95th Strategic Recon Wing as well as that units and the 544th Aerospace Recon Technical Wings headquarters and facilities. The base was incinerated and all the targets were destroyed.

The Thanksgiving Massacre (as it came to be called) destroyed only a limited number of command and control centers, but these were vital. In a matter of minutes the U.S. had been delivered a massive blow.

[chico20854]

November 27, 1997

part 3

The people of the United States counted on a steady flow of electricity for their health, comfort, and well-being, not to mention their livelihoods. This flow of electricity was the target of the USSRs drive to cripple the American war effort. (Unofficially) A matter of minutes after the warhead detonated on Cheyenne Mountain, three SS-18 missiles rose into the skies over the steppes at Dombarovski south of the Ural Mountains. Travelling over the North Pole, they each released a single 1 megaton warhead, (Officially) which detonated more than 50 miles high in several locations over the United States, inducing a massive Electro-Magnetic Pulse (EMP). The EMP "killed" all unshielded electric power sources and functioning electrical devices over most of the continental United States. EMP proved to be more powerful than the most conservative prewar estimates, affecting even some supposedly shielded equipment. Enough equipment was on standby, and enough adequately shielded, to enable the Joint Chiefs to remain in touch with their scattered forces (for a time). However, basically all unshielded equipment which was turned on at the time of the attack was subjected to induced currents sufficient to destroy it, especially if it contained integrated circuits or the older transistors, which are very sensitive to variations in current and easily damaged by the slightest excess. Telephones, telexes, radios, computers, televisions, practically every form of electronic communications was out of commission or severely damaged. EMP had fried the control circuits of every hydroelectric station on the Tennessee River. Without controls, the massive turbines and generators were severely damaged. Power-generating facilities and the power transmission grid in Utah were severely damaged by surges and EMP.

The EMP knocked out all the operating radio and television channels. It took out the power grid and the power stations themselves, together with the spider web network of power transformers, inducers, relays, back-up generators and associated control instruments. Control circuits in all plants were fried by EMP, and the surge that occurred when the target cities went off-line brought down power transmission lines throughout the country. The power companies had lots of experience getting power back on line. Replacing one or even a dozen major transformers at scattered sites in the teeth of electrical storms or hurricanes was not an unusual occurrence, even on a holiday like Thanksgiving. But what had happened here and across the middle of Florida was a catastrophe of unprecedented proportions. The damage was not to one portion of the system but to the entire power grid. All power-generating equipment was affected, from the Crystal River Nuclear Power Plant - which automatically shut down to the tiny gas turbine surge stations scattered across the state. Just about the entire electrical production system was on at the time of the strike, including all the back-ups, and was completely destroyed. Stations which had escaped the EMP surged, trying to make up for the sudden shortfall. One by one they overloaded, then their automatic shutoffs took them off-line. The continental power generation and transmission grid collapsed like a string of dominoes.

An effect labeled "residual reverberation" played havoc with backup diesel-generating systems in hospitals, hotels, and inevitably, the Civil Defense control centers. For sowing the seeds of what happened next, the strikes must be counted a total success. The electrical blackout and accompanying residual telecommunications jamming associated with the pulse created a monstrous void in communications, and into that void slipped rumor, exaggeration, and ultimately, panic. Without a reassuring central voice of authority, panic turned to rout and rout into riot and worse.

Airborne civilian aircraft (military aircraft were hardened against EMP) lost all power due to the EMP and dropped out of the sky. Some pilots made successful "dead stick" landings; many of them died trying. Some, blinded by the direct rays of the fireball, were flash-blinded where they sat. With virtually every radio in the affected zone blitzed into inoperability, no one was able to talk anyone down. The scorched ruins of the aircraft dot the nation. One of the lucky passengers was TV journalist Fanya Ayn Wilkerson, who was flying to visit her husband's family in New York. He had taken the boy and went ahead while Fanya completed some tapings for a network special about her escapades in Iran. Fanya was to catch a flight out of Tampa on Thanksgiving Day. Hers was one of the fortunate ones; the pilot managed to make a belly landing near Orlando, and the passengers survived.

Mundane devices like cars, ambulances, electric pacemakers and medical refrigeration units also failed. So did the incubators, respirators, kidney dialysis machines, and iron lungs in local hospitals and clinics. Even when hospital backup generators could be kicked back in to restore power, many patients died because the machines themselves could not be restarted or replaced in time to save them. Cars lost their electrical systems while in motion, causing massive chain-reaction collisions. Traffic lights, police emergency radios, and even the civil defense radios failed. The "We interrupt this program" messages were not heard because the home TV and radio sets that were turned on at the moment of the pulse (and remember the attack occurred on Thanksgiving Day, while the various ball games were on the air) were instantly rendered into so much junk, not even salvageable for spare parts. Generally speaking, if an item of electronic equipment was in use at the time the pulse occurred, that piece of electronics was irretrievably ruined.

(Unofficially) Pembertons orders for retaliatory strikes were received at SAC Headquarters at Offutt Air Force Base outside Omaha, Nebraska as well as aboard the fleet of always-airborne strategic command and control aircraft. While SAC Headquarters was obliterated only a few minutes later, the Looking Glass airborne command post was able to relay the launch order to missile launch control centers, the airborne bombers and their bases and the US Navys TACAMO aircraft.

However, Pembertons orders did not specify what retaliatory measures should be implemented. The Single Integrated Operations Plan (SIOP), the US militarys nuclear war plan, had not, in fact, been a single plan for several decades. Starting in the 1970s the SIOP had evolved into a package of plans, which the National Command Authority was intended to select one or more options to execute. (Some early options included whether or not to target China, North Korea and Warsaw Pact allies as well as differing plans depending on the alert status and desire to withhold some assets for follow-up strikes or post-exchange negotiations). The SIOP in effect in 1997, updated earlier in the year, was composed of several categories of targets that could be assembled, like blocks, into a strike plan. (These blocks included five categories of Command and Control targets, two different air defense suppression packages, a petroleum package, a ground forces package, a military industry package, a naval base package, as well as packages of bombers, missiles, population centers, intelligence assets, early-warning assets and electrical power, among others.) In the confusion and chaos that preceded the incoming warhead aimed at Washington, Pemberton did not specify which package or packages should be executed, leaving SAC commanders without guidance.

In the absence of direction from the National Command Authorities, the Vice Chief of SAC, the senior officer aboard the Looking Glass airborne command post circling over the upper Midwest states, ordered what he believed was a proportionate and reasonable response - a near-mirror image strike on the Soviet Union. Therefore, he ordered the execution of the smallest counter-C3I package and a high-altitude EMP strike, after checking to ensure that the number of warheads to be delivered was nearly identical to that used against the US and UK.

As the afternoon wore on it became apparent that the Soviet strikes had ended with (just) those three target areas and the high-altitude EMP burst. US Navy P-3C maritime patrol aircraft had flooded the area where TK-20 had launched from, with surface ships and attack submarines rushing to the vicinity at flank speed. At 5 pm the operators monitoring the SOSUS underwater sonar array in Bermuda detected a transient noise near where TK-20 had been operating; Allied Command Atlantic in Norfolk confirmed that no friendly submarines were operating in the area. Within five minutes a P-3C was overhead, joined seven minutes later by a second aircraft. Both deployed active sonar sonobuoys en masse, which, combined with low-flying magnetic anomaly detection, soon located the massive Soviet boat. The first aircraft, from squadron VP-24, dropped all four of the Mk.-50 lightweight torpedoes it was carrying. Two of the torpedoes hit, but the massive Soviet boat featured over two meters of separation between its inner and outer hulls, resulting in no significant damage (although creating a lot of structural steel damage that vastly increased the noise generated by the sub). The second plane, from VP-49. then closed in for the kill, dropping a B-57 nuclear depth charge, which crushed the boomers hull and reactor compartments. SAC established a round robin of tankers to support the airborne bomber force, keeping them on station but not launching additional aircraft. At bomber bases the commands worked overtime to generate additional alert-ready aircraft, while ground support teams, recalled from their holiday meals with family, raced to dispersal sites to support turnaround of aircraft landing at their alternate sites.

Complicating the plan for striking the Soviet command, control and intelligence apparatus was the presence of the Moscow A-135 Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) system. Consisting of 100 nuclear-armed (10-kiloton warheads) interceptor missiles (68 Gazelle missiles to strike targets in the atmosphere and 32 Gorogn missiles to engage incoming reentry vehicles outside the atmosphere), the ABM system was controlled by a single tracking and guidance radar, the large PILLBOX phased-array radar at Pushkino, north of Moscow. NATO planners, starting in the late 1960s, had planned to deal with the system by overwhelming it with massive numbers of warheads aimed at the missile launch sites as well as the control radars, as well as striking targets in Moscow with enough warheads that destruction could be reasonably expected even if the ABM system was operational.

The orders from SAC, however, severely limited the number of warheads that could be deployed to defeat the A-135 system, forcing SAC to use an alternative. In the years before the war, American target planners had focused on the PILLBOX radar, concluding that if it were destroyed that the system would be inoperable, the various interceptor missiles unable to be guided against incoming NATO warheads. A slimmed-down effort to suppress the ABM system, therefore, could concentrate on a single target - the radar. Obviously, however, the operators of the A-135 would use the system to protect the radar from incoming ballistic missile warheads, negating the possibility of using low numbers of MIRVs against the PILLBOX. The CIA, reasonably, could not guarantee that one of its covert action teams would be able to penetrate the radars security perimeter to place a oebackpack nuke within lethal range. That left bombers as the only nuclear delivery means available to potentially strike the target.

The Moscow area was protected by the 1st Red Banner Air Defense Army for Special Use, a force that deployed four PVO (air defense force) divisions with 26 regiments of the latest model SA-10 surface-to-air missiles deployed in two concentric rings around the Soviet capital. As confident as SAC commanders were in their men and aircraft, they harbored doubts about the ability of a bomber being able to penetrate the Soviet border defenses, reach the Moscow area and overfly the radar to drop a gravity bomb. While the B-2 stealth bomber had proven successful in penetrating Soviet airspace over Siberia the density of overlapping air defense radars and missiles in the Moscow area was an order of magnitude more challenging. A cruise missile, however, harbored a better chance of reaching the target. The most advanced cruise missile, the AGM-129, first fielded in 1990, could be launched outside of Soviet airspace and reach Moscow. A stealthy missile, designed to defeat overhead pulse-doppler radars and coated in radar absorbing material, it offered a reasonable chance of reaching a heavily defended target, and if it failed no American airmen would be imperiled. Therefore, the plan called for the PILLBOX radar to be eliminated by a quartet of AGM-129 Advanced Cruise Missiles.

The American counterstrike began shortly before midnight Washington time. A B-52H of the 644th Bomb Squadron, 410th Bomb Wing from K.I. Sawyer Air Force Base in Michigan orbiting between the North Pole and the Siberian coast launched a volley of four AGM-129s. The cruise missiles were routed on an indirect path to Moscow, crossing the Soviet coast a few miles east of Murmansk to take advantage of an air defense network ravaged by months of fighting earlier in the year and travelled the length of the Kola Peninsula. Once they were south of the White Sea they rose to a cruising altitude of 7,000 feet to conserve fuel, and headed south once they passed Lake Onega. When the missiles were 200 miles north of the PILLBOX radar they dropped to an altitude of 50 meters, following a snaking path to avoid overflying large population centers, air defense installations or military bases. As they approached Moscow air defense radars began to sweep over the stealthy missiles, but with a radar cross section smaller than a pigeon the radar operators were unable to distinguish their signature from background noise. An orbiting Su-27 interceptor of the 611th Regiment, flying the northern sector of the capitals Combat Air Patrol, failed to detect the missiles as well. Only when the missiles were less than 10 kilometers from Pushkino was a nearby air defense radar able to get a positive ID, and by then it was too late.

The Pushkino PILLBOX radar was obliterated by three of the missiles W-80 5-kiloton warheads. The fourth missile, the trailing one, was knocked out of the sky by the blast wave of the third missile. The blasts also knocked out the surface elements of the adjacent Gazelle missile battery. The A-135 system was down, a fact confirmed by an overwatching Defense Support Program early warning satellite.

With Moscow defenseless against ballistic missiles, the next phase of the American attack proceeded. A pair of LGM-118 Peacekeeper (MX) missiles, each with ten 335-kiloton MIRVs, was launched by the 400th Strategic Missile Squadron, 90th Strategic Missile Wing from silos outside F.E. Warren Air Force Base in Wyoming. They arrived 25 minutes later, during the Friday morning commute, with 18 of the warheads detonating. Three reduced the Kremlin to a glowing crater, while others did varying degrees of damage to the PVO, Strategic Rocket Forces, KGB and GRU headquarters complexes. While the missiles did not kill General Secretary Sauronski or KGB Chairman Yangel, they did a great deal to cripple the Soviet war effort. Two Politburo members were killed in the attack, along with hundreds of thousands of Muscovites. (The effects of the firestorms and radiation that followed the strike would take the casualty numbers into the millions). While the political leadership that directed the war effort survived, the vast bureaucracy that had been struggling to manage the war effort was completely devastated. The centralized Soviet state had been dealt a body blow.

The next element of the American retaliatory strike was an insurance policy to ensure collapse of the Soviet Unions war effort - a series of high-altitude EMP strikes that matched the ones inflicted on the US. These strikes were delivered by older-model Minuteman II ICBMs fired by the 321st Strategic Missile Wing at Grand Forks Air Force Base, North Dakota. The collapse of the Soviet electrical grid was assured, The EMP strike had less effect on the lives of many rural Russian citizens, many of whom had no or only intermittent electrical power before the war, but for the urban middle class it was just as life-changing as for their American counterparts.

(Officially) The decapitation attacks were not limited to the UK and US, however. A nuclear bomb was directed at Oslo, the Norwegian capital. King Harald, who refused to abandon the seat of government in the face of enemy attack, died in the blast along with the Statsrad (state council) and most of the Storting (the Norwegian Parliament). (Unofficially) Soviet missiles also struck Copenhagen, Bonn and the Hague. (Officially) Riyadh was nuked. The cumulative effect of the attacks was as intended, a decapitation of NATOs political leadership.

The Soviets had calculated that the nuclear strikes would disrupt American command, control, and communications - surgical strikes intended to knock America out of the war and end the war before the nuclear Armageddon spread any further. Like most of the major calculations of both sides this proved to be another miscalculation, but that was a small comfort to over half the members of the world's prewar population who were now dead, or to the other half, many of who wished they were.

Elsewhere in the world, the only development of note is that the US 24th Infantry Division begins a drive toward Ahvaz, supported by the 101st Air Assault Division's aviation assets. The assault quickly overwhelms the Soviet rear guards.

[castlebravo92]

Excellent stuff Chico, exceeded my expectations!

[Ewan]

Excellent stuff Chico, exceeded my expectations!

Totally agree, it really brought home the attacks.

Did no British forces retaliate for the attack on the UK or did they hold off to see how it played out.

[ToughOmbres]

TDM

I would like to echo the comments above-exceptional writing! Chilling but absolutely top notch.

[chico20854]

November 28, 1997

Unofficially, Shortly after American missiles ravaged Moscow the U.K. released its retaliatory strikes on the USSR. British nuclear targeting policy had for many years been closely coordinated with the Americans - during the days of the V-bombers the RAF was assigned to blast holes in the Soviet air defense net in the Baltics, and in the 1970s the UK developed the Chevaline system for its Polaris SLBMs to defeat the A-135 system. Both nations were also deeply involved with NATOs Nuclear Planning Group and British Trident SLBMs had already launched strikes in support of NATOs war effort, most famously in the attack that leveled Warsaw. With the American strike on the Soviet capital any British retaliation on Moscow would be oebouncing the rubble, and with the American supreme command in flux (see below) Prime Minister Blore ordered an independent attack.

Accordingly, HMS Vigilant launched two Trident II SLBMs at Leningrad, the largest surviving Soviet city. The missiles 12 100-kiloton warheads (each missile carried six) were targeted at the Baltic Fleet headquarters in Khronstadt, the Leningrad Military District headquarters in the city center (and a second MIRV at the command bunker on the northern outskirts off the city), the Kirov tank plant, the Admiralty and Baltic shipyards and the headquarters of the 6th Air Defense Army. The results of the attack were as devastating as the Soviet attack on London had been - overwhelming blast damage, firestorms of historic proportions, immense radiation that added misery to the remaining lives of hundreds of thousands unfortunate enough to survive the blast and firestorm. While the intended targets were all hit and destroyed, there were many other locations that were also destroyed - military academies, research institutes, Communist Party and KGB offices, four major railroad stations, a helicopter repair plant, electrical power plants and much more. While nothing would ever compensate for the attack on London, Britain had its vengeance.

Rainbow Six reports that the Royal Family is evacuated from its estate at Sandringham in Norfolk under heavy military escort by Army units. Other Army units attempt to locate surviving members of the Cabinet and escort them to their emergency command post, a top secret underground bunker located a few miles outside High Wycombe in Buckinghamshire which had been completed in the early 1990s.

Those in British cities that had not been struck began to flee, heading for the perceived safety of rural communities. Their headlong flight blocked main road arteries, (unofficially) paralyzing government disaster response. Many Britons were shocked with the Governments response to the strikes on London. No attempt was made for the fire services to extinguish the firestorm, and emergency personnel were ordered to remain on the perimeter of the disaster area, sheltering indoors whenever possible to protect themselves from radiation. The wounded that escaped the conflagration were diverted into triage centers, where those that were likely not to survive their wounds, or over 60 years of age, were denied further medical care, the overwhelmed medical staff concentrating on those that had the highest chance of surviving and contributing to the nations recovery. While widely criticized, a policy was implemented limiting transfer to hospitals in other areas of the UK to only a select few, a policy judged necessary to make the best use of a very limited resource.

The British nuclear industry began shutting down nearly immediately, following long-standing Home Office instructions. While the plants had not been targeted, the consequences of an attack on them while operating were dire. RainbowSix reports that the Sizewell nuclear power plants were taken safely offline. Likewise, the nuclear plant at Dungeness in southeastern Kent was shut down as a safety precaution, as was the Calder Hall nuclear power plant.

In the immediate aftermath of the 1997 nuclear strikes a detachment of troops in full NBC gear removed the plates used to manufacture bank notes from the printing plant at Loughton in Essex, following which Royal Engineers rendered inoperable several items of heavy machinery to ensure they could not be misused. Unknowingly they missed several sets of plates used to make twenty and fifty pound sterling notes and various Middle Eastern and African currencies

Unofficially, A flight of Tu-95H Bear missile carrier bombers unleashed six AS-15 missiles at petroleum targets in the UK. Rainbow states that Aberdeen in Scotland, known as the oil capital of Europe before the war, was one of the first cities after London to be hit. (Officially) The other missiles struck Milford Haven, Wales and Grangemouth, Scotland, sites of large refineries.

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For a time, the United States had no official "National Command Authority." More than 22 hours passed before he could be located by FEMA Central Locator System (CLS) operatives and transported to the nearest PEF (Presidential Emergency Facility). After being sworn in by the Chief Justice of the California Supreme Court, President Pro Tem Munson's first official act was to proclaim that the full provisions of Federal Emergency Plan D (FEP-D) were in effect. These included, among other things, a declaration of martial law. (The military government's claim to sovereignty was based on the FEP-D documents and Pemberton's proclamation of a state of war.)

In the immediate aftermath of the strikes on Washington, John Carlucci, a prominent Boston lawyer and elected head of the United Brotherhood of Fishermen, believed to be backed by the Boston mob, no longer saw a need for restraint and decided to silence his opposition and secure his power. As the newly elected leaders of the Congress of North Banks Fishermen were gathered in Gloucester for their first meeting, a terrible explosion ripped through the building where the delegates and their families were gathered. Over 100 people were killed outright, and 250 were wounded.

(Unofficially) Meanwhile, the Soviets were not done attacking the United States. Due to the communications blackout that followed the EMP strikes, neither the KGB nor the GRU could determine if they had succeeded in decapitating the American political leadership. Satellite intelligence confirmed that the White House and Pentagon had been hit and the famed oeHotline to the Kremlin was offline, but no one in the Soviet Union knew if President Tanner was dead or alive. (And if he was not, who was in charge and where they were located). Therefore, another round of attacks against command and control facilities was ordered.

The Typhoon-class submarine Barrikada (formerly the TK-217) received launch orders at its patrol station under the Arctic ice cap. Six of the vessel's 20 SS-N-20 nuclear-tipped missiles were to be fired in a strategic strike intended to damage the command and control facilities of the NATO allies. Two of the missiles were aimed at Canadian targets, the remaining four at targets in the United States. (Unofficially) Barrikadas sister TK-210, the third of four Soviet SSBNs with hard-target capability, launched five missiles at the state of Florida.

Barrikadas missiles were aimed at targets in the Mid-Atlantic region. (Officially) Fort Detrick, Maryland, home of the US Army Research Laboratories (well known as an important cancer research center) and reputedly the Army's center for biological warfare research, was hit. The blast which destroyed the center was several kilometers from the town of Frederick. Nonetheless, much of the town was reduced to rubble and several kilometers of the highway north of town were rendered impassable due to debris from fallen buildings, the hulks of autos and trucks, and fallen trees. Further north of Frederick was the location of Camp David, a target for a Soviet SSBN; the road in the valley below the road was made impassable by debris. The attacks, both ground bursts (because of their relatively small size), did comparatively little blast and fire damage outside of their immediate ground zeroes, but threw tremendous amounts of radioactive fallout into the air. The 228th Infantry Brigade was not badly damaged when Fort Meade was the target of a Soviet SLBM the day before because the target was the Presidential Emergency Facility and NSA headquarters rather than the fort's headquarters. In any case, much of the brigade was dispersed throughout the area rather than present on post.

Barrikadas other missiles hit other Presidential Emergency Facilities as well. The Quantico PEF was struck with five 100-kiloton MIRVs, all set for ground bursts. The SLBM strike on the Presidential Emergency Facilities at Fort A.P. Hill, Virginia (unofficially, the other five MIRVs from the missile that hit Quantico) (officially) caused casualties, but the 30th Engineer Brigade (Combat) survived largely intact (unofficially) because, like the 228th, the unit was largely dispersed throughout the region and the MIRVs landed in a different area of the base.

The population of the Washington area that wasn't killed by the strike and its immediate aftereffects either fled the city or died in the subsequent civil disorder. The horrible destruction of Washington, DC and its suburbs produced a wave of refugees flooding to the west, (and unofficially) east and south. (The strikes on Fort Meade, north of the city, blocked many from fleeing to the north).

Five missiles were targeted at the state of Florida. Mayport Naval Station in Jacksonville suffered a near miss that landed in the sea just offshore. The resulting nuclear-induced tidal wave and wide-spread radioactive seawater contamination were dreadful and deadly. Millions died, both in the wave surge and in the subsequent legacy of nuclear poisoning, disease, starvation, and chaos that followed. Almost simultaneously three more sites were struck: MacDill AFB in Tampa, Eglin AFB near Pensacola in the Florida Panhandle, and the Satellite Recon Launch Facility at Cape Kennedy. Both the MIRV'd warheads at Eglin and the single one-megaton that were burst over MacDill were airbursts, designed to do the most damage to the widest possible area. Cape Kennedy received the attentions of a ten-warhead MIRV'd (one-megaton total) device. Unlike the other strikes, this was a series of pinpoint attacks upon the launch sites themselves. The resulting blasts vaporized nine of the 11 launchpads and the vehicle assembly building. A fifth attack, this one aimed at Homestead AFB, south of Miami, apparently never materialized. The failure might have been due to the intense EMP, which had the effect of deactivating the onboard electronics of the Homestead weapon, which is presumed to have landed in the sea well south of Miami without detonating. Four hits or near hits, however, turned out to be quite devastating enough - at least no one complained about the missing fifth bomb. In less than a minute the majority of the people in the second most populated state in the nation were plunged into a new Dark Age (literally and figuratively). Since Florida had no major oil refining or distribution targets, it was not as badly damaged as some other states, but the carnage was bad enough, nevertheless.

The Cape Kennedy strike was intended to destroy the launch facilities and, with some help from EMP, they achieved that end. No more recon satellites would be lofted from Cape Kennedy for some time to come. The two remaining launch pads were so extensively damaged by blast, heat, and radioactive residue that they were effectively inoperable, as was the shuttle landing strip and most of the surrounding support facilities. At Eglin AFB the main facilities at Hurlbert Field were scoured off the map. One of the MIRVs was sub-targeted for the nearby Naval Air Station, and seven more were aimed at Eglin's widely spaced AUX, or auxiliary airfields. One warhead was targeted against the Army Airborne Ranger Camp also located (deep in the swamps) on Eglin AFB. Ground zeroes for these .1 Mt MIRVs were much smaller than that of the 1 Mt device that hit Mac-Dill, but because the smaller warheads were "on target" with regard to the altitudes of their detonations, the recipients had no complaints about their relative destructiveness. The single biggest effect of the cumulative air bursts over a wide area of the Florida Panhandle was the vast and uncontrolled forest and grass fires ignited by the blasts. Because each of these devices was an airburst weapon, little initial or residual fallout occurred.

MacDill Air Force Base, headquarters of the US Readiness Command, Special Operations Command and the rear headquarters of Central Command, was hit. The blast there was ten times the size of any one of the single warheads detonating to the north. The only thing that saved Tampa Bay from mass extinction was the mischance of a premature detonation, some 2000 feet too high for the full effects of such a blast to be felt. Directly below the airburst the Earth's surface was first subjected to a blowtorch several miles across, then to a blast with an overpressure of 250 to 500 psi, which was more than sufficient to ensure complete destruction of any aircraft or personnel unfortunate enough to be on the base. The water table in Florida is generally very near the surface, and here on MacDill it was less than three inches down. Water cannot be compressed, and the force of the overpressure from the MacDill blast had the effect of squeezing a huge subterranean sponge; the water table (and the surface of the earth) literally rippled like a pond after a stone has been thrown in. Those spreading concentric circles acted like an earthquake, shaking down buildings and cracking concrete with successive waves of underground water displaced from the center of the water table under ground zero. Those structures above ground level that were not specially built to withstand both the blast and the surging earth beneath it lunged, bucked, and were swept away by the fiery nuclear winds of overpressure, shock wave, and the returning wave (as the surrounding air rushed back to fill the void made by the blast). All told, every major building on the peninsula was scoured off the face of the earth. Having been blasted down, the rubble was then bounced by each succeeding "ripple" of the water table. The central portion of MacDill's runway was never touched by the fireball from the bomb (which had detonated too high for maximum damage). Underground pipelines ruptured during the blast, pouring millions of tons of jet fuel, bunker oil, diesel fuel, and gasoline into the subsurface layer. When the bomb fell on MacDill, its immediate casualties were the families servicemen and women had left behind in the base's government quarters.

The five psi ring extended to the base's north perimeter fence, guaranteeing the destruction of all but the most heavily bunkered and revetted structures on the air base. The two psi ring extended to Gandy Boulevard two miles farther north. At that range almost all of the wood frame residences were first ignited by the thermal pulse, then blasted to splinters by the overpressure wave of the detonation. The fires were added to by the ignition of residential propane and fuel oil tanks. Over half of the brick or cinder block buildings lost a roof or were heavily damaged. All of the lush tropical and subtropical foliage was set afire. Flash burns and overpressure (blast) damage, especially to the very old or very young, contributed additional casualties. The one psi ring extended to the north boundary fence of Tampa International Airport, over ten miles from ground zero. At that range the shock wave tumbled cars and aircraft, and the thermal pulse ignited the highly flammable fuels within their tanks. The inferno resulting from the ignition of all the ruptured fuel tanks can scarcely be imagined. Among the things within the bomb's flash ignition zone were the bulging fuel tank farms of Port Tampa, various munitions on the docks of Hooker's Point, and the environmentally infamous 400-foot-high mounds of phosphorous and phosphate products located at Port Sutton and East Tampa. Initial casualties from the high air burst were in excess of 250,000. Most of this total was from blast and secondary debris from the detonation. Because the burst was too high, the city of Tampa suffered less than it might have from immediate radioactive fallout. The burst spread out from its epicenter in concentric rings of destructive overpressure, blinding dazzle, and secondary missile and fire destruction. Because ground zero was located over the peninsula of MacDill, much of the worst destructive overpressure (that of five pounds per square inch or higher) was confined to the Air Force Base. The ring of total destruction just barely exceeded the northern limits of the base itself, and the lesser but still devastating two-psi ring never ran closer to the heart of the city than the portion of Gandy Boulevard directly north of the point of detonation. The one-psi ring reached its maximum extension at the north barrier fence of Tampa International Airport. Vast amounts of glass windows were blown out, especially in the shimmering towers of the downtown business district (sparsely occupied due to the (unofficially) prior days attacks). (Officially) The lovely old homes along Hillsborough Bay's picturesque northern shore suffered blast, thermal radiation, and wave surge damage, while those south of Gandy Boulevard received much heavier damage. Those older, mostly wood-frame, homes disintegrated under the overpressure, ignited under the combination of thermal radiation and bursting gas and fuel oil tanks, and generally suffered total destruction. More modern concrete cinder block construction weathered the fire storm with lost roofs and some small amount of shattered foundations. The green, semitropical foliage burst into fire and burned. The outermost circle of destruction didn't encompass the newer or wealthier neighborhoods. The heart of the new construction and new industrial zone was still intact. The great center of knowledge and instruction, the University of South Florida, was essentially undamaged. The heart and soul of the city itself died although most of its citizens survived. Over one million people within the city limits of Tampa survived the initial blast and the collateral damage due to fire and fragmentation. Radiation from the MacDill attack was negligible except under the ground zero of the airburst. Most of the deaths had occurred in the immediate zone of the blast in the first seconds of the fire and flying debris thrown out from the blast.

MacDill AFB was effectively seared from the face of the earth. The airburst over MacDill pushed outward, creating a moving wave of sea water 10 feet high across lower Tampa Bay. This man-made tidal wave destroyed a large portion of the Gandy Bridge (southernmost of the three links between St. Petersburg and Tampa), damaged portions of the Howard Franklin Bridge, and smashed into the boat basins, jetties, docks, piers (including the local landmark known as the million dollar pier), graceful beach hotels, condos and private residences along Tampa Bay's western shore. The rush of returning water did similar, if less destructive, damage to the Tampa side shoreline. Overpressure tides from the MacDill blast devastated the inner bay area, particularly much of upper Tampa Bay. A wall of water 15 feet high surged over much of the eastern shoreline. It would have been worse, but for the mangrove flats the environmentalists had fought so hard to save from encroaching land developers. The flats significantly reduced the incoming power of the surging waters.

Flooding was widespread in the lower areas and had immediate permanent effects upon the operation of the Tampa International, St. Petersburg-Clearwater, Albert Whitting, and Michael O. Knight Airports. When the water receded, the only functioning air strips were the Clearwater Executive Air Park located near the highest point in Pinellas County and a sprinkling of other grass strips in northern and eastern Hillsborough County. None could accommodate large commercial airliners which might have brought in disaster relief materials.

The survivors could be grateful for only one thing - the wave damage, bad as it was, was not radioactive. The high airburst did fairly extensive blast and thermal damage, but, owing to its targeting pattern, the fireball never touched the ground. No widespread physical debris was sucked into the radiant center of the blast to become secondary radioactive fallout, and what little fallout that was created (by the residue from the bomb casing and the air, dust, and water vapors immediately around the 8000-foot-high core of the detonation) fell promptly back to earth in a fairly tight, localized pattern squarely upon the unlucky communities of Gibsonton and Apollo Beach. This fallout pattern of just over 20 miles or so settled over the three major south-bound escape routes out of Tampa. The city of Gulfport was not swept bare by the tidal wave from MacDill, nor was it blasted by the tremendous overpressure, or ignited by the thermal pulse. There were 7300 heart attacks in this community in the 24 hours immediately following the destruction of Tampa. That figure might have seemed abnormally high unless it is coupled with the average age of the typical Gulfport resident: 87 for men, 92 for women. The sick and dying from Tampa immediately overwhelmed the medical and sanitation facilities of nearby Sarasota.

Gibsonton and Apollo Beach, Florida were unlucky enough to share the fallout pattern from the MacDill AFB strike. The ill wind from the glowing fireball above MacDill carried the mass of the fallout the brief distance across Cockroach Bay before a heavy seasonal downpour washed the bulk of it from the skies above Apollo Beach and Gibsonton. The result was a three-by-15 mile wide swath of radioactive ash that blanketed the main southeasterly evacuation routes from Tampa. The initial rad count was not quite a killing dose, but everyone who drove through it was sick by the time they reached Brandenton or Sarasota. Thanks to a heroic effort by the local civil defense personnel, almost 99 percent of the vehicles that suffered contamination (unofficially, those that were lucky enough to start after the EMP attack of the prior day) were successfully quarantined at the Manatee-Sarasota County line. Some few, however, never made it out of the fallout zone due to lack of gas (no electrical gas pump was working following the EMP) or mechanical breakdown. A statistically insignificant number of other vehicles successfully evaded the sheriffs' roadblocks to spread their slow poison to other parts of the state.

The communities of Palmetto and Bradenton missed the worst of the overpressure tidal wave from the MacDill blast, but they received, instead, the full weight of the dead and dying from the fallout that blanketed those three southeastern routes. The civil defense effort in Gibsonton and Apollo Beach tagged contaminated cars as they passed through. The Manatee and Sarasota County Sheriff's Departments got the "hot" cars into a quarantine site and assisted the medical evacuation of survivors. Efforts to halt the exodus of contaminated people and vehicles south from Tampa led to the establishment of a temporary twenty-acre automobile park on the Manatee-Sarasota County line off of Interstate 75 that gave a whole new meaning to the term "hot car parts."

In the immediate aftermath of the strikes millions of cars and trucks jammed the nation's highways, fleeing cities which, it was imagined, were due to be struck at any moment. A number of people had been stranded in the highway junction (and self-proclaimed oetown of hotels) of Breezewood, Pennsylvania during the fateful Thanksgiving weekend. Unofficially, millions more would have been on the roads if they had been able to be started after the EMP strikes. Unfortunately, most cars built after 1978 had computer chips on board and electronic ignition, features which rendered them all but scrap metal.

SAC spent the day recovering from the prior days attacks and counter-attacks. The airborne bombers and tankers landed, mostly at their recovery and dispersal bases to minimize the number that could be taken out by further Soviet attacks on their primary bases. These several dozen bases were generally of two categories: former B-52 bases from the heyday of SACs bomber force in the 1950s (these bases runways were well able to handle the weight of the big bombers) and airports (that had sufficient runway strength) that had hosted US Air Force, Air Force Reserve, Air National Guard or other military air units in prewar days, most of which still retained at least a residual military presence and therefore a semi-secure facility and manpower that could be drafted into assisting in guarding the nuclear bombers.

The airborne command and control aircraft maintained their constant vigil, supported by a ferry operation of tankers. Those airborne during the attacks landed at their backup bases (Grissom Air Force Base for the Looking Glass, East Auxiliary Command Post and radio relay aircraft, Minot Air Force Base for the Airborne Launch Control Aircraft #2, Ellsworth Air Force Base for the West Auxiliary Command Post and ALCS #3, Rickenbacker, Ohio for the radio relay aircraft and Seymour Johnson Air Force Base for LANTCOMs Scope Light command post) after their relief aircraft were on station. (The Navys TACAMO aircraft landed at Patuxent River, Maryland and Barbers Point, Hawaii). In Nebraska, the SAC backup ground command post emerged from its hide site in former munitions bunkers at the Cornhusker Army Ammunition Plant and within a few hours had established communications links and a skeleton staff while the acting commander of SAC travelled to the site after the conclusion of his Looking Glass tour.

In the post-strike United States only the military had an operating communications network. Military electronics had been designed to survive in an EMP environment and were heavily shielded. NORAD headquarters was back online shortly after midnight, and SACs missile and bomber bases retained multiple redundant communications links (airborne relay aircraft, hardened land lines, the GWEN radio network, satellite communications as well as various other secure radio nets). Some state emergency and civil defense networks began to stand up, as did FEMAs more rudimentary but adequate network of systems. A final communications network was composed of amateur radio operators, who had a long history of supporting in the aftermath of disasters. Finally, for a select few civilians, another reliable source of information was available - foreign short-wave radio broadcasts. These broadcasters were in the dark as to conditions in the many nations that had been struck, but were at least able to relay news that entire nations were oeoffline.

Overseas, US military commanders received word of the strikes on the U.S. through the military signals network. Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Jonathan Cummings, secure at the Alternative National Military Command Post at Raven Rock, Pennsylvania (the warhead aimed at Site R malfunctioned), relayed that in the absence of further orders otherwise that American forces in the field were to continue their operations, continuing to take care to minimize the chance of becoming a target of Soviet nuclear attacks, to monitor and be proactive about the morale of troops whose families may have been effected by the strikes, and to render all available assistance to SAC aircraft that may enter their area of operations following attacks on the USSR.

The crew of the Freedom-class ship Kansas Freedom completes unloading over 1000 containers of supplies in Diego Garcia in the remote Indian Ocean and begins preparations for departure.

The Soviet 234th Rear Area Protection Division arrives in Jugoslavia after a fraught transit from Romania, in which it lost several dozen troops to partisan ambushes as it travelled through small towns and villages in the Danube Valley.

[shrike6]

[. In Nebraska, the SAC backup ground command post emerged from its hide site in former munitions bunkers at the Cornhusker Army Ammunition Plant

Growing up just down the road from GI, I had no idea that the CP was even there. Would have thought something like that would have been at Mead where the Feds still have some areas closed off to the public 60 years later.

[cawest]

just an fyi. Fort Huachuca az has a very long runway. it was set up for shuttles launches out of CA. Also, Tucson (green valley) has a titan II missile silo that is turned into a museum. hope this might be useful.

[Ewan]

November 28, 1997

The other missiles struck Milford Haven, Wales and Grangemouth, Scotland, sites of large refineries.

When the missiles destroyed the Grangemouth refinery, Longannet power station (just across the Forth from Grangemouth) would also be destroyed or at the very least heavily damaged.

With Longannet offline and the various nuclear power stations shut down Scotland will be plunged into total darkness.

[chico20854]

November 29, 1997

Unofficially,
President Munson was escorted to the Redding, California National Guard Armory, secured by an ad-hoc force of National Guard stay-behind and California State Guard troops. CLS operatives were reluctant to bring him to the nearest military airfield, Beale Air Force Base over 100 miles away, afraid that the SAC base will be attacked. The base dispatched a UH-1N helicopter from its base flight detachment to stand by the President when he was ready to relocate to a safer location. The helicopter brought with it a military aide and several security policemen, along with a communications team. Using the equipment that team carried, Munson was briefed on the SIOP and the various options he had. He inquired about the losses suffered by the U.S. in the prior two days (no way to be certain at this point but probably several million) and the losses inflicted on the USSR to date (the DIA estimated that between Moscow and Leningrad they were about five million) and the casualties that could be expected from the various SIOP packages. The briefers responded that they did not have any clarity as to what those losses would be, and that the selection of packages, timing and Soviet civil defense measures would dictate the losses. They relayed that an all-out attack, using all remaining ICBMs, SLBMs and bombers, would likely kill over half the Soviet population within a week. Horrified by that possibility, he authorized a relatively small strike in retaliation for the attacks on the Presidential Emergency Facilities, Tampa and the Kennedy Space Center.

The first, and largest package, was a SEAD (Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses) target set. The intent of this was to create corridors for entry/egress of American bombers into the Soviet homeland, opening the full array of targets in the central USSR to further manned bomber strikes. Upon releasing authorization, the operation, code named Boogie Valley, went into operation.

A combination of methods (B-52 stand-off, ICBM, SLCM, SLBM, in that order of priority) were used to blast holes in the Soviet air defense networks. The biggest breach was along the Arctic cost north of the Urals, with others over the Soviet-Finnish border (an egress route), the Sino-Soviet border in the vicinity of Lake Zaysan, near the junction of the Iranian, Afghan and Soviet borders (an egress route as well) and on the shoulders of the natural gap over Jugoslavia and Romania (which required strikes on Italy, Hungary, Bulgaria and Ukraine/Moldova).

For each hole, targets were long-range search radars, interceptor bases and SAM sites, as well as supporting C3I facilities. Special emphasis was on MiG-25/MiG-31 bases, as these long-range fighters had the ability to range long distances beyond Soviet borders (placing American tankers at risk) and act as mini-AWACS, airborne radar stations capable of directing further interceptors against American aircraft. Other high priority targets were the Soviet A-50 AWACS bases and radar sites with long-range P-70 air defense radars.

The main hole was through the Arctic. Soviet defenses in the region consisted of a line of radars on islands in the Arctic Ocean, another line along the coast, a third line a few hundred miles inland and then area defenses around important target areas, such as the Urals industrial region and Strategic Rocket Forces division deployment areas. SAM defenses were rare in the region, with barriers established much closer to target areas rather than a continuous barrier. In the center of the gap the only missile complexes were point defenses for the Norilsk mining center and Pechora, home station of the A-50 force and a strategic missile early warning radar. Instead, defenses were largely interceptors, with forward staging bases along the coast or even on Arctic islands.

Pending creation of the holes, the intent was not to have any bombers penetrate the defenses - to use long range or stand-off weapons to perform the strikes. Two exceptions existed, however. First, B-2s were available for a limited number of strikes. Second, once a hole was blasted through, penetrators departing from the Soviet interior could be used to create gaps along their egress routes. The crews, obviously, preferred that the defenses, while outward looking, be neutralized by others, if possible, however!

After months of intense aerial combat over Norway, Central Europe, the Mediterranean/Balkans, Iran and Korea as well as the plethora of non-strategic air defense systems in use by the Red Army and its allies, the intent was to avoid placing bomber routes over Red Army formations. In the Balkans, given the aged nature of Soviet air defense systems in use against the Romanians and Jugoslavs (and that the front had largely collapsed by this time), the risk was deemed acceptable.
A relatively small number of desired ground zeros (DGZs) - about 100 - were in the initial SEAD package. Munson, however, ordered that the number of weapons be reduced, afraid of provoking a proportionate response of 100 Soviet weapons on the US. SAC planners adjusted the plan to remove the strikes for the egress routes, limiting the strikes to creating the hole along the Arctic coast.

The advantages of this approach were that: 1) it was not a full effort series of strikes that stressed takeoff/recovery base capacities; and 2) it was relatively early in the nuclear exchange, and the most capable and newest weapons were available in quantity.

The first mission, the neutralization of the island of Novaya Zemlya, was done by two B-52Hs from the 26th Bombardment Squadron, 5th Bombardment Wing, from Minot AFB, North Dakota, refueled by KC-135Rs of the co-located 906th Aerial Refueling Squadron, each launching single AGM-68B ALCMs against each of the six air defense radars (outside of Rogachevo; the Rogachevo radar was destroyed by the strike on the airfield, as was the HQ of the 406th SAM Regiment; map). Additional DGZs were on the HQ bunker of the 11th Air Defense Division and two SA-2 SAM sites; finally the radar on Kolguev Island was also struck by ALCMs from this cell.

A separate B-52 mission from Minot attacked the radars and airstrips in Franz Josef Land (four radars and two airfields at Nagorskoye and Graham Bell, five DGZs in total) with ALCMs. That aircraft also launched five missiles against radar sites farther east in the Kara Sea and the Taymyr Peninsula of Siberia.

In mission #3, the MiG-31 base and long-range radar at Amderma were struck by two AGM-129 ACM cruise missiles aimed at the airbase, the radar being disabled by the intense short-range EMP from the two blasts. That aircraft (the fourth aircraft from Minot on this series of strikes) also struck eight radar stations along the Arctic coast, each with a pair of ACMs, and the interceptor base at Vorkuta (two ACMs).

Simultaneously with the arrival of the cruise missiles from the first three B-52 cells on the targets was the arrival of a flight of 10 Minuteman II ICBMs launched by the 510th Strategic Missile Squadron, 351st Strategic Missile Wing from Whiteman AFB, Missouri. Each of those missiles had a single 1.2 MT W56 warhead. The targets for these missiles were A-50 AWACs and MiG-31 and MiG-25 interceptor bases, since the A-50 and MiG-31 had the ability to function as airborne control aircraft, replacing ground radars and coordinating surface to air missile and interceptor responses. (MiG-25 bases were included because they were able to somewhat support the MiG-31.) Each base was targeted by a single missile.

Following the first wave of B-52s and the Minutemen, another wave of B-52s struck targets further inland. The first of these missions targeted the interceptor forward operating base at Dikson with three ALCMs. The strike at Dikson also disabled the Soviet Navys radio direction finding facility and damaged the port facility and a number of ships at anchor for the winter. The single aircraft then closed on the Soviet coast before launching another round of ALCMs against the mineral production center of Norilsk and its associated air defense complex (including two SA-5 long range missile complexes, the interceptor bases at Alykel and Norilsk and the headquarters of the PVOs 22nd Division).

The second cell targeted the second line of air defense radars in from the Arctic coast and the strategic early warning missile complex at Pechora with two B-52s loaded with cruise missiles. This strike also included the interceptor base at Naryan Mar and a second strike on the A-50 home base at Pechora-Kamenka. (Unfortunately, the strikes also resulted in numerous casualties among the Allied prisoners of war held at a nearby MVD prison camp four miles from the missile warning radar).

The third cell struck the northeastern air defenses of the Ural industrial megacomplex with three B-52s. Launching cruise missiles from the vicinity of Novaya Zemla, the ALCMs flew southeast, striking the interceptor bases at Yugorsk, Salka and Bakharevka and air defense radars at Gora Chrisop, Ivdel, Yugorsk, Serov, Sverdlovsk and Bolshoye Savino. Due to the large numbers of SAM launchers in the Urals and the inability to designate target locations for SA-10 batteries (which moved on average once a day and took but 15 minutes to set up), this cell was forced to concentrate its fire on PVO headquarters in an attempt to shut down communication between individual batteries.

The cruise missile strikes were followed by a battle damage assessment flight by a R-5D Aurora hypersonic spy plane, armed with a pair of SRAM-II missiles to target any DGZs that survived the strikes.

Officially, in retaliation for the attack on the Kennedy Space Center, the massive Soviet space launch complex at Leninsk-Tyuratam was struck by (unofficially) four Minuteman III ICBMs, each loaded with three 170-kiloton W62 warheads, 2 megatons in total. The attacks, aimed at the central administrative and support complex, Buran shuttle launch complexes (three pads), Soyuz launch complexes and the main communications sites, crippled the space center just as thoroughly as the Soviet strike on Florida had done.

The final American strikes of the day were against the remaining Soviet Military District headquarters for districts bordering active combat zones - the Southern TVD headquarters in Baku, Southwestern TVD headquarters in Kishinev, the Central Asian MD headquarters in Alma-Ata, the Far East MD headquarters in Khabarovsk and the Transcaucasus MD headquarters in Tbilisi. These strikes were delivered by B-1B bombers that made high-speed low level dashes into Soviet territory from the south.

The Soviets unleashed armageddon on an array of Allied command and control centers across the Pacific. The Delta III-class SSBN K-223, operating 1200 km southwest of Hawaii, unleashed five SS-N-18 mod 2 missiles, each with ten 100-kiloton warheads. One missile was aimed at each of Canberra, Australia, Wellington, New Zealand, Anderson Air Force Base on Guam, US Pacific Command headquarters in Hawaii and Vandenburg Air Force Base, California. Officially, Soviet nuclear forces also targeted Japan, aimed primarily at destroying US military bases there. Tokyo was bracketed by 500kt nuclear explosions, destroying the USN base facilities at Yokosuka, west of the capital, and the large oil refinery in Chiba City, across Tokyo Harbor to the east. Nagasaki, home to Sasebo Naval Base, was not spared the indignity of being twice hit by nuclear weapons, not quite 53 years apart.

The strike on Pacific Command Headquarters caused severe damage to the city of Honolulu, and local facilities were overwhelmed. The state's urban residents (over 80 percent of the population) panicked.

Blytheville Air Force Base, located in the northeast corner of Arkansas, was expected to be the target for Soviet missiles. The air base, headquarters for the 42nd Air Division and home of a wing of ALCMs, was destroyed by a one megaton, ICBM-launched warhead shortly before midnight. The airburst flattened the base, and the town itself was damaged quite severely. Fallout was slight but still forced the evacuation of towns as far away as Covington, Tennessee, in addition to Blytheville itself.

Unofficially, Around the US, local authorities, among many other efforts, tried to clear roads of blocked cars and trucks, which had simply died from EMP while in motion. Officially, civilian casualties throughout Maryland were extremely heavy. Baltimore, though not nuked, was ravaged by savage rioting and numerous fires which gutted large parts of the central and western city. Annapolis, the state capital, was downwind of Fort Meade, and panicked residents began to flee the state capital. Unofficially, Those trying to flee Washington to the south were hindered by the prior days attacks - I-95 south through Quantico was closed by the attack on PEF, and US Highway 301 into Virginia was closed by the Fort AP Hill strike.

The SAC mobile command post remained in place at the Cornhusker Army Ammunition Plant, where it stood up a mobile rapid re-targeting software system, fed information from the intelligence system and satellites (including the GPS positioning satellites, which had nuclear detonation detectors installed). Likewise, the NORAD Rapier mobile command center went live, while FEMA staff began moving to moored command ships in coastal Maine.

Elsewhere, RainbowSix reports that Gibraltar was targeted in strikes aimed at destroying the citys port facilities - it was destroyed by a one megaton airburst. He also reports that the British government lacked the logistical capability to evacuate those who remained. Shortages of food and water led to unrest that soon gave way to outright rioting and looting. The police and the Army tried to control the disturbances, but for every one that they quelled another three were breaking out elsewhere. The first fatal clash between troops and rioters occurred in Glasgow today, with others soon following. The Royal Family arrived at a secure, secret location in southern England.

Officially, Soviet forces in the northwest launched another round of attacks on Norway. This round targeted the major industrial centers and the nation's petroleum facilities. Over a half a million Norwegians died in the days attacks and the strike on Oslo two days before.

Unofficially, in western Arkansas, the 2nd Brigade, Arkansas State Guard, still in the process of formation and armed only with privately-owned weapons, is unable to fully contain the outburst of violence that accompanies the nuclear attacks on the state and nation, but receives kudos from the many that it is able to assist. The brigade sees a surge in recruitment, especially among urban refugees who find themselves displaced, unemployed and in rural communities that are lukewarm at best regarding the new arrivals.

Despite the damage to the US ashore, the Oriskany battle group continues its training evolution, flying its first multi-squadron mission. The operations on the flight deck are somewhat disorganized as the crew adapts to having more aircraft moving around.

The Kansas Freedom sails in the predawn hours, headed for Mombasa, Kenya, the closest location where friendly naval forces are to be found, and away from the juicy target that is Diego Garcia.

Officailly, The owner of a M113 APC in Providence, Grenada dies of a heart attack while sitting in the APC's drivers' seat.

[shrike6]

November 29, 1997

The SAC mobile command post remained in place at the Cornhusker Army Ammunition Plant, where it stood up a mobile rapid re-targeting software system, fed information from the intelligence system and satellites (including the GPS positioning satellites, which had nuclear detonation detectors installed). Likewise, the NORAD Rapier mobile command center went live, while FEMA staff began moving to moored command ships in coastal Maine.

Oh its mobile and not fixed. The thing with Nebraska is if it was fixed there are alot of good places to hide it. between the two former Ammo plants and the former Ammo Depots in Hastings and Sidney. Hell the former NAD in Hastings has throngs and throngs of former ammo bunkers between Hastings and State hwy 15.